2,4-Dinitrophenol DNP In The World Of Bodybuilding
Originally used as an ignitor for TNT as well as a pesticide, researchers at Stanford University discovered that DNP causes weight loss in 1933. The late pioneer bodybuilding Dan Duchaine wrote about DNP for fat reducing weight loss and DNP has been used in the hardcore bodybuilding underground for fat and weight loss for decades.
Compared to other thermogenic, fat reducing, and weight loss agents such as the epederine/caffeine/aspirin (ECA) stack would boost the user's metabolism 3% or the Clenbuterol/Cytomel T-3 stack which would boost metabolism 5-10%, DNP was seen to raise metabolism up to a relatively controlled 50% making DNP a seemingly miracle supplement. While clen/t-3, ECA, and others significantly raised the body's temperature, DNP raised internal temperature 2-4 degrees F.
The main problem with DNP is its severe side effects. Exercise during a DNP cycle should be kept to light workouts. DNP has not been seen to cause cancer, but death is a posibility if DNP raises the user's body temperature too high as there is not limit to how hot DNP can make the user's body. The lethal dose of DNP is only 4 times the dose that is effective in losing weight and fat loss.
DNP is not an appetite suppressant, so a user will be hungry, and DNP users will especially crave carbohydrates due to glucose inefficiency. Some users may be allergic, and less than 1% of women who used DNP in the 1930's for fat reducing and weight loss developed cataracts which led to the 1938 FDA 2,4-dinitrophenol DNP ban as a weight loss drug.
DNP since has been used off and on with scrutiny from within and outside the bodybuilding industry. Protesters of DNP note that DNP is not a forgiving chemical. Understanding what the effects, risks, and limitations of the substance are before trying to acquire and use DNP promote their hopes to deter potential DNP users, but the effectiveness of DNP to help with fat reduction and ultimately weight loss is hard to deny. A danger is the fact that DNP has a cumulative effect with a 36-hour half-life. DNP takes up to 48 hours to flush from a user's system. Many bodybuilders adapt the "more is better" theory to their use of DNP severely increasing their risk of harmful side effects and possibly death.
Weight Loss with DNP - Scientifically Speaking
DNP accomplishes the astounding boost in metabolic rate via inhibition of the F0F1 ATP synthase molecule, located in the inner wall of each mitochondrion. While the electron transport chain still functions to pump hydrogen ions into the inter-membrane space, the coupling of the proton gradient to ATP production is rendered impossible by DNP. As a result, ATP production is dramatically reduced, and the energy is instead thrown off as heat. This results in an astounding production of heat; when using dinitrophenol, the athlete will radiate so much heat that it is uncomfortable to be within any proximity of them. Luckily, this heat does not fully contribute to body temperature increases, and is instead thrown off from the entire body surface, particularly the head. As a result, adequate doses of DNP will usually only elevate body temperature by about 1-1.5?C. This is a good thing for your central nervous system and other delicate tissues. If the heat produced by ATP contributed in a more direct matter to body temperature, effective doses for fat loss would cause body temperature increase. Nonetheless, overheating is a very real danger.
Under these conditions, much of the food that we eat could not be used for ATP synthesis and we lose weight. However, too much inhibitor and we could make too little ATP for life. The difference between weight loss and death is only a small concentration change in dinitrophenol, making the drug dangerous. Simply put, this means that while eating your normal diet, you will have somewhere between 20% and 40% reduction of calories.
Risks of using 2,4-Dinitrophenol DNP for Weight Loss
Hearing all of these wonderful things probably has you wondering what the side effects and risks are. They are quite formidable and contribute to making DNP one of the most intolerable (though effective) drugs used in bodybuilding.
Overheating - There is no upper limit to DNP's body temperature increase, meaning that one may literally "cook from the inside" if they take too much. Dosage considerations will be given later, but even an overdose of 4-6 times the recommended dosage may be lethal. Much smaller overdoses may result in damage to the brain and/or other body systems such as the liver and kidneys. Supplements help reduce this risk.
Dehydration - Probably the single most dangerous aspect of DNP usage, dehydration sets in when the muscles and other body systems do not have enough glucose to stay properly hydrated. The body's temperature raise is much more harmful when it has no water to regulate temperatures and glucose levels. This can be battled b y replacing electrolytes with Potassium supplementation and supplementing with Glycerol, a muscle hydrator and energizer.
Carcinogenesis - Phenols in general are reputed to be carcinogenic. Although 2,4-dinitrophenol has never been implicated in a cancer diagnosis, some are nonetheless concerned, and understandably so. In addition to the inherent carcinogenic potential caused by its status as a phenol, production of free radicals and the release of various compounds stored in adipose tissue stores during DNP's rapid oxidation of fat may also potentially be harmful.
Discomfort and sweating - This is the single most noticeable effect of DNP use, both by the user and those around him/her. Even in the winter, while indoors at ambient temperatures, one may expect his or her shirt to be completely soaked through with sweat. Those with jobs requiring formal or semi-formal apparel are advised to consider other means of fat loss (or a new job, if preferred). Other obvious considerations lie in the areas of social life, personal appearance, etc. and the user must prioritize.
Insomnia - Second in frequency of reports to sweating and discomfort is insomnia. This may be at least partially attributed to discomfort. Possible means of countering this include such supplements as Valerian root or melatonin. Alternatively, one may deal with this via prescription or OTC sleep medications or GHB-A precursors. However, these may be addictive if used on a regular basis and if their use may be avoided, by all means abstain from using them.
Yellow bodily fluids - Some don't notice this, but others find that all of their bodily fluids take on a yellowish appearance. Urine is a darker yellow, and even semen and vaginal secretions may be affected. According to current knowledge, this is not known to be harmful in and of itself.
Muscle soreness - This is yet another thing that may be minimized via cerebral function. Dan Duchaine has recommended using a weight such as to allow no fewer than 15 reps per set of any weight training workout; judging from anecdotal reports and personal experience, this seems to be good advice. Low levels of ATP are a cause of muscle soreness in and of itself. The additional factor of encumbered recovery mechanisms make extreme soreness (and if not careful, catabolism) quite possible.
Allergic reactions - These are highly individualized but may be summarily discussed. Various reactions are common with DNP use, and approximately 10% of users will be extremely allergic to it. Allergic reactions can include hives, blisters, and/or inexplicable rashes.
Carbohydrate Cravings - To counter this, some methods will be touched on later. As with most diets, willpower is sometimes the single most important factor. Other drugs such as Meridia and supplements such as Hot Rox give a user the edge to combat these cravings as well as boost energy.
